Des
écoles, collèges et des lycées différents
homeschooling aux États Unis : environ 80% des enfants suivent un programme ultra-religieux.
AMERICAN
WAY OF LIFE
S'il existe encore quelques
rares "free alternative schools" nées dans les années
70 (sur le modèle de Summerhill),
le terme (débarassé de "free" !) désigne de plus en
plus :
- En Floride,"Eagle
Academy" est une autre de ces jolies colonies de vacances .
BRITISH
WAY OF LIFE
|
Aux
USA, la "délinquance juvénile", ça peut rapporter
gros !
Deux juges américains étaient payés pour condamner des enfants PHILADELPHIE (Reuters) - Deux juges américains ont décidé de plaider coupables dans le procès où ils sont accusés d'avoir touché plus de 2,6 millions de dollars d'un centre privé de détention pour jeunes délinquants en Pennsylvanie. En échange de ces pots-de-vin, les deux magistrats, Mark Ciavarella et Michael Cohahan, qui officiaient dans le comté de Luzerne en Pennsylvanie, ont condamné entre 2003 et 2006 des centaines d'enfants et d'adolescents à des peines excessives. "Il est vrai que j'ai déshonoré ma fonction de magistrat", a reconnu Ciavarella dans une lettre adressée au tribunal. "Par mes actes, j'ai détruit tout ce que j'avais accompli par mon travail, et je ne peux que me blâmer moi-même." Conahan, qui comme Ciavarella risque sept ans de prison, n'a pas fait de commentaire. Lorsqu'un jeune était envoyé au centre de détention, les deux entreprises PA Childcare et Western PA Childcare qui géraient l'établissement recevaient des fonds de la part du comté pour couvrir les frais d'incarcération. Plus un grand nombre d'enfants étaient condamnés, et plus les fonds reçus par les deux entreprises étaient abondants, a précisé le ministère public. De nombreux jeunes qui comparaissaient devant le juge Ciavarella se voyaient condamner même si l'infraction n'exigeait pas par sa gravité un internement. Ainsi un adolescent de 17 ans a passé trois mois en détention parce qu'il se trouvait en compagnie d'un autre mineur coupable de vol à l'étalage. Au total, quelque 5.000 jeunes gens ont comparu devant Ciavarella entre 2003 et 2006 et entre 1.000 et 2.000 ont reçu des sanctions excessivement sévères. Les deux juges, ainsi que les deux entreprises PA Childcare et Western PA Childcare, vont être poursuivis au civil pour l'obtention de dommages et intérêts. Les deux magistrats avaient également imaginé un système pour tenter de masquer la provenance de leurs revenus supplémentaires illégaux. version française Pierre
Sérisier
PRISONS PRIVÉES AUX USA
Surveiller, punir et encaisser Aux États-Unis, des centres de rééducation privés corrompent des magistrats pour leur acheminer de nouveaux « usagers ». Résultat: des centaines d'enfants abusivement condamnés ... Et en France, les prisons privées, c'est pour quand? Envoyer le plus possible de gamins délinquants derrière les barreaux: en Sarkozye, la cause est entendue. Oui, mais quelle méthode est la plus efficace? Pour Rachida Dati, le mieux est d'autoriser l'incarcération des enfants à partir de 12 ans. Le président de la République, lui, mise d'abord sur la suppression de l'excuse de minorité et sur les peines planchers pour embastiller la marmaille récidiviste. Pourtant, malgré un réel volontarisme sécuritaire, nos coureurs hexagonaux viennent de se faire coiffer au poteau par deux juges américains, Mark Ciavarella et Michael Conahan: prisons privées, pots-de-vin, juges véreux et citoyens désinformés auront suffi à faire exploser les compteurs. La presse américaine leur attribue même le score de 2000 mineurs indûment incarcérés ... Bingo! Mais soyons justes: les États-Unis bénéficient
d'un puissant avantage technique. Là-bas, l'État sous-traite
depuis longtemps la gestion d'un grand nombre de ses prisons au secteur
privé. Ainsi, la CCA (Corrections Corporation of America),
première industrie sur le marché, indique sur son site Internet
qu'elle gère déjà 64 établissements à
travers le pays, soit, au total, près de 75 000 prisonniers. Et,
comme elles sont subventionnées au prorata du nombre d'enfants incarcérés,
ces entreprises ont tout intérêt à ce que leurs prisons
soient bien remplies ... Logique.
Le privé. c'est tellement mieux pour les enfants ... S'ils veulent reprendre la main en matière de détention de mineurs, Dati et Sarkozy feraient donc bien d'en prendre de la graine. Et pour commencer, terminer de privatiser les prisons, afin de faciliter ce type de corruption. Surtout qu'il ne manque pas grand-chose à l'équipe tricolore pour rattraper son retard: en janvier dernier, Dati signait un contrat d'un nouveau genre avec Bouygues, actant la construction de trois nouvelles prisons d'ici à 2011. L'ouverture au privé ne date pas d'hier. En 1987, déjà, le ministre Alain Chalandon autorisait la concession de l'hôtellerie, de la restauration, des transports, de la santé, du travail et de la formation en prison à des entreprises privées. Mais avec les prisons Bouygues, la « modernisation» - dixit la garde des Sceaux - va encore plus loin: pour la première fois en France, un groupe privé aura en charge la conception, la construction, le financement, mais aussi l'exploitation de centres pénitentiaires. Moyennant un petit loyer à l'État, de l'ordre de 48 millions d'euros par an ... Allez! Encore un petit effort, et la France pourra bientôt concourir dans la cour des grands. MARINE CHANEL
Charle Hebdo - 25 02 09 ![]() U.S. judges admit to jailing children for money By Jon Hurdle Jon Hurdle – Thu
Feb 12, 8:09 pm
PHILADELPHIA (Reuters) – Two judges pleaded guilty
on Thursday to accepting more than $2.6 million from a private youth detention
centre in Pennsylvania in return for giving hundreds of youths and teenagers
long sentences.
Judges Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan of
the Court of Common Pleas in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, entered plea
agreements in federal court in Scranton admitting that they took payoffs
from PA Childcare and a sister company, Western PA Childcare,
between 2003 and 2006.
"Your statement that I have disgraced my judgeship is true," Ciavarella wrote in a letter to the court. "My actions have destroyed everything I worked to accomplish and I have only myself to blame." Conahan, who along with Ciavarella faces up to seven years in prison, did not make any comment on the case. When someone is sent to a detention centre, the company running the facility receives money from the county government to defray the cost of incarceration. So as more children were sentenced to the detention centre, PA Childcare and Western PA Childcare received more money from the government, prosecutors said. Teenagers who came before Ciavarella in juvenile court often were sentenced to detention centres for minor offences that would typically have been classified as misdemeanours, according to the Juvenile Law Centre, a Philadelphia nonprofit group. One 17-year-old boy was sentenced to three months' detention for being in the company of another minor caught shoplifting. Others were given similar sentences for "simple assault" resulting from a schoolyard scuffle that would normally draw a warning, a spokeswoman for the Juvenile Law Centre said. The Constitution guarantees the right to legal representation in U.S. courts. But many of the juveniles appeared before Ciavarella without an attorney because they were told by the probation service that their minor offences didn't require one. Marsha Levick, chief counsel for the Juvenile Law Centre, estimated that of approximately 5,000 juveniles who came before Ciavarella from 2003 and 2006, between 1,000 and 2,000 received excessively harsh detention sentences. She said the centre will sue the judges, PA Childcare and Western PA Childcare for financial compensation for their victims. "That judges would allow their greed to trump the rights of defendants is just obscene," Levick said. The judges attempted to hide their income from the scheme by creating false records and routing payments through intermediaries, prosecutors said. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court removed Ciavarella
and Conahan from their duties after federal prosecutors filed charges on
January 26. The court has also appointed a judge to review all the cases
involved.
Judges Plead Guilty in Scheme to Jail Youths for Profit Niko J. Kallianiotis for Published:
February 12, 2009 -
Hillary Transue was sentenced to three months
in juvenile detention for a spoof Web page mocking an assistant principal.
At worst, Hillary Transue thought she might get
a stern lecture when she appeared before a judge for building a spoof MySpace
page mocking the assistant principal at her high school in Wilkes-Barre,
Pa. She was a stellar student who had never been in trouble, and the page
stated clearly at the bottom that it was just a joke.
Prosecutors say Judges Michael T. Conahan, and Mark A. Ciavarella Jr., above, took kickbacks to send teenagers to detention centers. Instead, the judge sentenced her to three months at a juvenile detention center on a charge of harassment. She was handcuffed and taken away as her stunned parents stood by. “I felt like I had been thrown into some surreal sort of nightmare,” said Hillary, 17, who was sentenced in 2007. “All I wanted to know was how this could be fair and why the judge would do such a thing.” The answers became a bit clearer on Thursday as the judge, Mark A. Ciavarella Jr., and a colleague, Michael T. Conahan, appeared in federal court in Scranton, Pa., to plead guilty to wire fraud and income tax fraud for taking more than $2.6 million in kickbacks to send teenagers to two privately run youth detention centers run by PA Child Care and a sister company, Western PA Child Care. While prosecutors say that Judge Conahan, 56, secured contracts for the two centers to house juvenile offenders, Judge Ciavarella, 58, was the one who carried out the sentencing to keep the centers filled. “In my entire career, I’ve never heard of anything remotely approaching this,” said Senior Judge Arthur E. Grim, who was appointed by the State Supreme Court this week to determine what should be done with the estimated 5,000 juveniles who have been sentenced by Judge Ciavarella since the scheme started in 2003. Many of them were first-time offenders and some remain in detention. The case has shocked Luzerne County, an area in northeastern Pennsylvania that has been battered by a loss of industrial jobs and the closing of most of its anthracite coal mines. And it raised concerns about whether juveniles should be required to have counsel either before or during their appearances in court and whether juvenile courts should be open to the public or child advocates. If the court agrees to the plea agreement, both judges will serve 87 months in federal prison and resign from the bench and bar. They are expected to be sentenced in the next several months. Lawyers for both men declined to comment. Since state law forbids retirement benefits to judges convicted of a felony while in office, the judges would also lose their pensions. With Judge Conahan serving as president judge in control of the budget and Judge Ciavarella overseeing the juvenile courts, they set the kickback scheme in motion in December 2002, the authorities said. They shut down the county-run juvenile detention center, arguing that it was in poor condition, the authorities said, and maintained that the county had no choice but to send detained juveniles to the newly built private detention centers. Prosecutors say the judges tried to conceal the kickbacks as payments to a company they control in Florida. Though he pleaded guilty to the charges Thursday, Judge Ciavarella has denied sentencing juveniles who did not deserve it or sending them to the detention centers in a quid pro quo with the centers. But Assistant United States Attorney Gordon A. Zubrod said after the hearing that the government continues to charge a quid pro quo. “We’re not negotiating that, no,” Mr. Zubrod said. “We’re not backing off.” No charges have been filed against executives of the detention centers. Prosecutors said the investigation into the case was continuing. For years, youth advocacy groups complained that Judge Ciavarella was unusually harsh. He sent a quarter of his juvenile defendants to detention centers from 2002 to 2006, compared with a state rate of 1 in 10. He also routinely ignored requests for leniency made by prosecutors and probation officers. “The juvenile system, by design, is intended to be a less punitive system than the adult system, and yet here were scores of children with very minor infractions having their lives ruined,” said Marsha Levick, a lawyer with the Philadelphia-based Juvenile Law Center. “There was a culture of intimidation surrounding this judge and no one was willing to speak up about the sentences he was handing down.” Last year, the Juvenile Law Center, which had
raised concerns about Judge Ciavarella in the past, filed a motion to the
State Supreme Court about more than 500 juveniles who had appeared before
the judge without representation. The court originally rejected the petition,
but recently reversed that decision.
The United States Supreme Court ruled in 1967 that children have a constitutional right to counsel. But in Pennsylvania, as in at least 20 other states, children can waive counsel, and about half of the children that Judge Ciavarella sentenced had chosen to do so. Only Illinois, New Mexico and North Carolina require juveniles to have representation when they appear before judges. Clay Yeager, the former director of the Office of Juvenile Justice in Pennsylvania, said typical juvenile proceedings are kept closed to the public to protect the privacy of children. “But they are kept open to probation officers, district attorneys, and public defenders, all of whom are sworn to protect the interests of children,” he said. “It’s pretty clear those people didn’t do their jobs.” On Thursday in Federal District Court in Scranton, more than 80 people packed every available seat in the courtroom. At one point, as Assistant United States Attorney William S. Houser explained to Judge Edwin M. Kosik that the government was willing to reach a plea agreement with the men because the case involved “complex charges that could have resulted in years of litigation,” one man sitting in the audience said “bull” loud enough to be heard in the courtroom. One of the parents at the hearing was Susan Mishanski of Hanover Township. Her son, Kevin, now 18, was sentenced to 90 days in a detention facility last year in a simple assault case that everyone had told her would result in probation, since Kevin had never been in trouble and the boy he hit had only a black eye. “It’s horrible to have your child taken away
in shackles right in front of you when you think you’re going home with
him,” she said. “It was nice to see them sitting on the other side
of the bench.”
US judges admit taking kickbacks Pennsylvania, 12 February 2009
The judges face sentences of more than seven years
Two US judges charged with taking more than $2m (£1.4m) in kickbacks from a privately-run detention centre have pleaded guilty to fraud. Prosecutors say Judges Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan took the money in return for giving young offenders long sentences to serve in the centre. The deal allowed PA Child Care LLC and a sister company to receive extra government funds, they say. The judges in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, have both been suspended. They have pleaded guilty to honest services fraud and tax fraud. The plea agreements provide for prison sentences of more than seven years. Mr Conahan had shut down a county detention centre in 2002 and signed a deal with PA Child Care LLC to send offenders to its new centre, prosecutors say. They said Mr Ciavarella sent youths to the detention centre while taking money in return, though the judge has specifically denied sending youths to jail for cash, the Associated Press news agency reports. 'Disgraced' Campaigners have complained that Mr Ciavarella gave out overly harsh sentences for minor offenses. A spokeswoman for the non-profit Juvenile Law Center said 1,000-2,000 juveniles who came before the judge between 2003 and 2006 received excessively harsh sentences. Many of the children were first-time offenders and had no lawyers to defend them. The judge sent a quarter of his juvenile defendants to detention centres from 2003 to 2006, compared with a state average of one in 10, the AP reported. "Your statement that I have disgraced my judgeship is true," Mr Ciavarella wrote in a letter to the court, Reuters news agency reports. "My actions have destroyed everything I worked to accomplish and I have only myself to blame." Mr Conahan made no comment. |
|
Présentation
| SOMMAIRE
|
| Le
nouveau sirop-typhon : déplacements de populations ? Chèque-éducation
? ou non-scolarisation ? |
| Pluralisme
scolaire et "éducation alternative" | Jaune
devant, marron derrière : du PQ pour le Q.I. |
| Le
lycée "expérimental" de Saint-Nazaire |
Le
collège-lycée "expérimental" de Caen-Hérouville
|
| L'heure
de la... It's time for ... Re-creation | Freinet
dans (?) le système "éducatif" (?) |
| Changer
l'école | Des
écoles différentes ? Oui, mais ... pas trop !
| L'école
Vitruve |
| Colloque
Freinet à ... Londres | Des
écoles publiques "expérimentales" |
| 68
- 98 : les 30 P-l-eureuses | Et
l'horreur éducative ? |
| Appel
pour des éts innovants et coopératifs |